Pediatric neurology or child neurology refers to a specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of neurological conditions in neonates (newborns), infants, children and adolescents.
Pediatric neurology deals with diseases and disorders that can affect a child's nervous system. This includes the brain, the spinal cord, and all associated blood vessels, muscles and nerves.
  The pediatric neurologist examines the nerves of the head and neck to evaluate muscle strength, movement, balance and reflexes. The neurologist also evaluates sensation, memory, speech, language and other cognitive abilities in order to diagnose, treat and manage the following conditions:

• Seizure disorders, including seizures in infants, infantile spasms, febrile convulsions, epilepsy, genetically-related seizure disorders, tuberous sclerosis
• Traumatic brain injury, stroke, medical aspects of head injuries and brain tumors
• Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, nerve-muscle disorders
• Movement disorders such as dystonia, spasticity, ataxia, Tourette's syndrome
• Hydrocephalus
• Neurofibromatosis
• Headaches including migraines

If your child has a problem involving the nervous system, a pediatric neurologist has the special training and experience necessary to diagnose and treat your child. Pediatric neurologists are medical doctors who have completed four years of medical school, at least one to two years of pediatric residency, and three or more years of residency training in adult and child neurology. In addition, most pediatric neurologists have certification from the American Board of Pediatrics and the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (with special competency in child neurology).
 
Many neurologists also have additional subspecialty training (fellowships) after completing their residency. Some of these specialty areas include epilepsy (epileptologist), sleep medicine, pain management, neurophysiology, headaches, and movement disorders.
It is the pediatric neurologist who performs neurological examinations of the nerves of the head and neck; muscle strength and movement; balance, ambulation, and reflexes; and sensation, memory, speech, language, and other cognitive abilities in order to diagnose, treat, and manage the following conditions:

• Seizure disorders, including seizures in newborns, febrile convulsions, and epilepsy
• Medical aspects of head injuries and brain tumors
• Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and nerve-muscle disorders
• Headaches, including migraines
• Movement disorders such as Tourette syndrome
• Traumatic brain injury
• Mental retardation
• Hydrocephalus 

They also perform diagnostic tests such as:

• CAT scan (computed axial tomography)
• MRI/MRA (magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography)
• EEG (electroencephalography)
• EMG/NCV (electromyography/nerve conduction velocity)